Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis that causes inflammation in certain parts of the spine. Ankylosing means stiff or rigid. Spondyl means spine. Itis refers to inflammation. The disease causes inflammation of the spine and large joints, resulting in stiffness and pain. The disease may damage the joint between the spine and the hipbone. This is called the sacroiliac joint. It may also cause bony bridges to form between vertebrae in the spine, fusing those bones. Bones in the chest may also fuse.

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Bruxism is the clenching or grinding of teeth. It's the repeated jaw-muscle activity of the facial or chewing muscles. With bruxism, you grind or clench your teeth, or you may brace or thrust your jawbone (mandible). It's typically not done on purpose.

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Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa. A bursa is a closed, fluid-filled sac. It works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body. The major bursae (this is the plural of bursa) are located next to the tendons near the large joints, such as in the shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees.

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Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by a compression of the median nerve at the wrist and can cause numbness, tingling or pain in the hand and fingers (particularly the thumb, index finger, middle finger and ring finger). It is the most common nerve compression syndrome in the upper extremity (arm) and is caused by compression of the nerve as it travels through the carpal tunnel, a space in the wrist where the tendons that allow you to make a fist (flexor tendons) and median nerve travel. This condition is often progressive, meaning it can become worse over time. It can cause increasing numbness and pain, which sometimes can wake individuals from sleep and prevent normal use of the hand.

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Chronic pain last months or years and happens in all parts of the body. It interferes with daily life and can lead to depression and anxiety. The first step in treatment is to find and treat the cause. When that isn�t possible, the most effective approach is a combination of medications, therapies and lifestyle changes.

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After any spine surgery, a percentage of patients may still experience pain. This is called failed back or failed fusion syndrome, which is characterized by intractable pain and an inability to return to normal activities. Surgery may be able to fix the condition but not eliminate the pain.

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Fibromyalgia is a condition that causes pain in muscles and soft tissues all over the body. It is an ongoing (chronic) condition. It can affect your neck, shoulders, back, chest, hips, buttocks, arms, and legs. The pain may be worse in the morning and evening. Sometimes, the pain may last all day long. The pain may get worse with activity, cold or damp weather, anxiety, and stress.

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Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, is a painful condition in which the movement of the shoulder becomes limited. Frozen shoulder occurs when the strong connective tissue surrounding the shoulder joint (called the shoulder joint capsule) become thick, stiff, and inflamed. (The joint capsule contains the ligaments that attach the top of the upper arm bone [humeral head] to the shoulder socket [glenoid], firmly holding the joint in place. This is more commonly known as the "ball and socket" joint.)

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Gout is a type of arthritis that causes inflamed, painful joints. The symptoms are caused by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints. Gout used to be associated with kings who overindulged in rich food and wine. In truth, anyone can get gout. Gout affects more men than women. It's often linked with obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes.

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Your kneecap (patella) is a thick, round bone that covers and protects the front (anterior) part of your knee joint. It moves along a groove in your thighbone (femur) as part of the patellofemoral joint. A layer of cartilage surrounds the underside of your kneecap. This layer protects it from grinding against your femur. When this cartilage softens and breaks down, it can cause knee pain. This is partly due to repetitive stress. The stress irritates the lining of the joint. This causes pain in the underlying bone. Knee pain is very common. It's even more likely to occur in highly active people who put a lot of pressure on their knees, such runners. It affects women more often than men. You may also hear this type of knee pain called patellofemoral pain, anterior knee pain, runner's knee, or jumper's knee.

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Low back pain can range from mild, dull, annoying pain, to persistent, severe, disabling pain in the lower back. Pain in the lower back can restrict mobility and interfere with normal functioning.

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A muscle cramp is an involuntary contraction of a muscle that occurs suddenly and does not relax. If you have ever experienced a charley horse, you probably still remember the sudden, tight, and intense pain caused by a muscle locked in spasm. Cramps can affect any muscle under your voluntary control (skeletal muscle). They can involve part or all of a muscle, or several muscles in a group.

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Myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) refers to pain and inflammation in the body's soft tissues. MPD is a chronic condition that affects the connective tissue that covers the muscles. It may involve either a single muscle or a muscle group. In some cases, the area where a person experiences the pain may not be where the myofascial pain originated. Experts believe that the actual site of the injury or the strain prompts the development of a trigger point that, in turn, causes pain in other areas. Myofascial pain may result from acute muscle strain or from chronic over-use or misuse (i.e., misalignment of upper and lower teeth, teeth grinding, teeth clenching, poor posture, anxiety or stress, fatigue)

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There are many different reasons for developing neck pain. Not only can the pain be present in the neck itself, but symptoms such as headaches or pain, tingling, and/or numbness into the upper extremity, can be related to the neck. � Injuries: Sports-related injuries, car accidents, or falls can cause a neck sprain (often called �whiplash�). When the neck is forced to move beyond the normal range of motion, muscles, ligaments, and other soft tissues are stretched. This may cause pain, swelling, and limited motion. � Posture: The spine needs to be in balance with the line of gravity. Weak musculature of the trunk and neck or poor postural alignment (head forward, repetitive leaning over, hunched shoulders, or looking in one direction) can create muscular fatigue, joint compression, or musculoskeletal imbalances. This may result in tightness or pain. � Emotional stress: Stress can contribute to holding patterns in the neck by contracting the neck/shoulder muscles. This may aggravate or prolong healing of an existing neck injury. � Wear and tear: With age, the spine undergoes changes in the discs and joints which can be exacerbated by lifelong poor posture. The degeneration of the discs and joints often creates stiffness or swelling, and may cause impingement of the nerve root at one or several levels in the spine.

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Nerve compression syndromes can result from pressure on a peripheral nerve. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common type. Other types include sciatica and ulnar nerve entrapment. Repetitive movements can lead to a pinched nerve and neuropathy. You may have limb weakness, numbness, pain or tingling.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. Some people call it degenerative joint disease or �wear and tear� arthritis. It occurs most frequently in the hands, hips, and knees. With OA, the cartilage within a joint begins to break down and the underlying bone begins to change. These changes usually develop slowly and get worse over time. OA can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling. In some cases it also causes reduced function and disability; some people are no longer able to do daily tasks or work.

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Piriformis syndrome results in pain in the hip and buttock which radiates down the back of the thigh. It is the result of sciatic nerve compression at the level of the piriformis muscle located in the buttock region, which can cause nerve pain.

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Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain. Pain from plantar fasciitis is often most noticeable during the first few steps after getting out of bed in the morning. The plantar fascia is a thick band of tissue in the sole of the foot. Microtearing at the origin of the plantar fascia on the heel bone (calcaneus) can occur with repetitive loading. This microtearing leads to an inflammatory response (healing response) which produces the pain

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Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, is a painful condition in which the movement of the shoulder becomes limited. Frozen shoulder occurs when the strong connective tissue surrounding the shoulder joint (called the shoulder joint capsule) become thick, stiff, and inflamed. (The joint capsule contains the ligaments that attach the top of the upper arm bone [humeral head] to the shoulder socket [glenoid], firmly holding the joint in place. This is more commonly known as the "ball and socket" joint.) The condition is called "frozen" shoulder because the more pain that is felt, the less likely the shoulder will be used. Lack of use causes the shoulder capsule to thicken and becomes tight, making the shoulder even more difficult to move -- it is "frozen" in its position.

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Sciatica, also called lumbar radiculopathy, is a pain that originates along your sciatic nerve. It's a symptom of an underlying condition, not a diagnosis. The sciatic nerve extends from the back of your pelvis down the back of your thigh. Your sciatic nerve is the main nerve in your leg. It's also the largest nerve in your entire body.

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Sports-related injuries include bruises, sprains, strains, fractures and dislocations, which often occur because of misuse or overuse of certain areas of the body especially around joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles and bones.

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Tendonosis is caused by chronic overuse of a tendon. Tendons require a long time to heal because of their poor blood supply. Continued and repetitive activity puts stress on the tendon and slows down the healing process. This eventually leads to tendonosis. Tendonosis is more common in people who are middle-aged or older since the tendons are more prone to injury. Tendinitis is the inflammation of a tendon. It usually happens when a person overuses or injures a tendon during physical activity. It can affect the tendons in the heel, shoulder, elbow, and other joints. Chronic tendinopathy refers to long term inflammation (tendinitis) and damage (tendinosis) of the tendons that connect muscles and bones, mostly due to overuse.

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Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) is swelling of the tendons that bend your wrist backward away from your palm. A tendon is a tough cord of tissue that connects muscles to bones. The tendon most likely involved in tennis elbow is called the exterior carpi radialis brevis. Tennis elbow is usually diagnosed in both men and women between ages 30 to 50.

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Trigeminal neuralgia, also called tic douloureux, is caused by a malfunction in the trigeminal nerve. This is a large bundle of fibers at the base of the brain that is responsible for sensation in the face. Although the exact cause of trigeminal neuralgia is not known, it can be caused by damage to the lining of the nerve. It may also be the result of an artery or a vein pushing against the trigeminal nerve. This can happen naturally as a person gets older, or it can also be caused by an injury or stroke. TN also can be caused by multiple sclerosis, or by a tumor or another brain abnormality.

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Whiplash is an injury to your neck. It's caused by your neck bending forcibly forward and then backward, or vice versa. The injury is not well understood. But it often affects the muscles, disks, nerves, and tendons in your neck. What causes whiplash? Most whiplash injuries result from a collision that includes sudden acceleration or deceleration. Many whiplash injuries occur when you're involved in a rear-end automobile collision. They also happen as a result of a sports injury, especially during contact sports.

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